Plantar intrinsic foot muscle activation during functional exercises compared to isolated foot exercises in younger adults
Changes in plantar intrinsic foot muscle (PIFM) mor-phology or dysfunction are associated with aging (Mickle, Angin, Crofts, and Nester, 2016) as well as with several lower extremity conditions: plantar fasciitis (Chang, Kent-Braun, and Hamill, 2012); Achilles tendinopathy (Romero-Morales et al., 2019); chronic ankle instability (Feger et al., 2016); hallux valgus (Arinci, Genç, Erdem, and Yorgancioglu, 2003; Stewart, Ellis, Heath, and Rome, 2013); symptomatic pronated feet (Zhang et al., 2019); and diabetic neuropathy (Henderson et al., 2020). Active contraction of these PIFMs is related to controlling the medial longitudinal foot arch when loaded (Kelly et al., 2014) or balancing (Ferrari, Cooper, Reeves, and Hodson-Tole, 2020; Kelly, Kuitunen, Racinais, and Cresswell, 2012) as well as to stiffening the foot during push off (Farris, Birch, and Kelly, 2020). Training the PIFMs to improve these functions could benefit younger and older adults. However, the involvement of these specific muscles in foot exercises is yet understudied…
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